The future of Stardust science          下载免费PDF全文

A. J. Westphal  J. C. Bridges  D. E. Brownlee  A. L. Butterworth  B. T. De Gregorio  G. Dominguez  G. J. Flynn  Z. Gainsforth  H. A. Ishii  D. Joswiak  L. R. Nittler  R. C. Ogliore  R. Palma  R. O. Pepin  T. Stephan  M. E. Zolensky 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2017,52(9):1859-1898

Recent observations indicate that >99% of the small bodies in the solar system reside in its outer reaches—in the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. Kuiper Belt bodies are probably the best‐preserved representatives of the icy planetesimals that dominated the bulk of the solid mass in the early solar system. They likely contain preserved materials inherited from the protosolar cloud, held in cryogenic storage since the formation of the solar system. Despite their importance, they are relatively underrepresented in our extraterrestrial sample collections by many orders of magnitude (~10¹³ by mass) as compared with the asteroids, represented by meteorites, which are composed of materials that have generally been strongly altered by thermal and aqueous processes. We have only begun to scratch the surface in understanding Kuiper Belt objects, but it is already clear that the very limited samples of them that we have in our laboratories hold the promise of dramatically expanding our understanding of the formation of the solar system. Stardust returned the first samples from a known small solar system body, the Jupiter‐family comet 81P/Wild 2, and, in a separate collector, the first solid samples from the local interstellar medium. The first decade of Stardust research resulted in more than 142 peer‐reviewed publications, including 15 papers in Science. Analyses of these amazing samples continue to yield unexpected discoveries and to raise new questions about the history of the early solar system. We identify nine high‐priority scientific objectives for future Stardust analyses that address important unsolved problems in planetary science.  相似文献   

Shallow-marine carbonate cementation in Holocene segments of the calcifying green alga Halimeda     

Thomas Mann  Andr Wizemann  Marleen Stuhr  Yannis Kappelmann  Alexander Janßen  Jamaluddin Jompa  Hildegard Westphal 《Sedimentology》2022,69(1):282-300

Early-diagenetic cementation of tropical carbonates results from the combination of numerous physico-chemical and biological processes. In the marine phreatic environment it represents an essential mechanism for the development and stabilization of carbonate platforms. However, diagenetic cements that developed early in the marine phreatic environment are likely to become obliterated during later stages of meteoric or burial diagenesis. When lithified sediment samples are studied, this complicates the recognition of processes involved in early cementation, and their geological implications. In this contribution, a petrographic microfacies analysis of Holocene Halimeda segments collected on a coral island in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia, is presented. Through electron microscopical analyses of polished samples, this study shows that segments are characterized by intragranular cementation of fibrous aragonite, equant High-Mg calcite (3.9 to 7.2 Mol% Mg), bladed Low-Mg calcite (0.4 to 1.0 Mol% Mg) and mini-micritic Low-Mg calcite (3.2 to 3.3 Mol% Mg). The co-existence and consecutive development of fibrous aragonite and equant High-Mg calcite results initially from the flow of oversaturated seawater along the aragonite template of the Halimeda skeleton, followed by an adjustment of cement mineralogy towards High-Mg calcite as a result of reduced permeability and fluid flow rates in the pores. Growth of bladed Low-Mg calcite cements on top of etched substrates of equant High-Mg calcite is explained by shifts in pore water pH and alkalinity through microbial sulphate reduction. Microbial activity appears to be the main trigger for the precipitation of mini-micritic Low-Mg calcite as well, based on the presumable detection of an extracellular polymeric matrix during an early stage of mini-micrite Low-Mg calcite cement precipitation. Radiocarbon analyses of five Halimeda segments furthermore indicate that virtually complete intragranular cementation in the marine phreatic environment with thermodynamically/kinetically controlled aragonite and High-Mg calcite takes place in about 100 years. Collectively, this study shows that early-diagenetic cements are highly diverse and provides new quantitative constraints on the rate of diagenetic cementation in tropical carbonate factories.  相似文献   

Energy loss and impact cratering in aerogels: theory and experiment     

Gerardo Domínguez  Andrew J. Westphal  Mark L.F. Phillips 《Icarus》2004,172(2):613-624

Aerogel collectors have been deployed in low-Earth orbit to collect orbital debris and micrometeorites. An array of silica aerogel collectors is currently en-route back to Earth following an encounter with the Comet Wild-2 on board the Stardust spacecraft. Stardust is returning, for laboratory analysis, cometary and interstellar dust grains which impacted into the aerogel collectors at hypervelocities. While the morphology of impact craters in aerogels has been studied empirically, a theoretical understanding of the physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of impact craters in these solids is lacking. Here we propose and test a model of compaction driven impact cratering in aerogels. Our model derives impact crater dimensions directly from energy and momentum deposition.  相似文献   

Nachtrag zu den Untersuchungen über die Petrographie kulmischer Kieselsehiefer     

Hoss  Hildegard 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1959,6(4):248-260

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Correlation of simultaneous ultraviolet (0.36 μm) and infrared (8 to 14 μm) images of Venus     

David J. Diner  James A. Westphal 《Icarus》1979,38(1):81-89

We present evidence for a correlation between features observed in simultaneous infrared (8 to 14 μm) and ultraviolet (0.36 μm) images obtained during Venus' 1975 and 1977 apparitions. The sense of the observed correlation is such that bright uv markings correspond to bright (warm) ir features, and similarly, dark uv markings correspond to dark (cool) ir features.  相似文献   

Le microcontinent corso-sarde, sa position initiale: Donnees paleomagnetiques et raccords geologiques     

M. Westphal  J. Orsini  P. Vellutini 《Tectonophysics》1976,30(1-2)

New paleomagnetic results on Permian volcanics confirm the previously defined rotation for Corsica (30°) and Sardinia (60°). A geometrical fit of the continental slopes can be found with these rotation angles. The data allow us to put back the two islands in their previous position: northern Sardinia then faces Provence. The geological structures of the basement of Provence and Sardinia match together: lithology, metamorphic types and zones, granitology, fold directions are similar and parallel. Analogies can be found between Permian volcanics, and between Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments from the three different areas. They may have had a similar geological evolution up to the Early Tertiary.

Résumé

De nouveaux résultats paléomagnétiques sur des formations volcaniques permiennes confirment les rotations de la Corse (30°) et de la Sardaigne (60° ). L'emboîtement des talus continentaux s'accorde avec de telles rotations. Ces différentes données permettent de replacer les deux îles dans leur position ancienne, la Sardaigne du Nord étant alors située face à la Provence. Les formations géologiques du socle provençal et de la Sardaigne du Nord se raccordent: la lithologíe, les zones et le type de métamorphisme, la ǵranitologie, les directions de plissements sont semblables et paralléles. Des analogies peuvent aussi être établies pour le volcanisme permien et les formations sédimentaires de la fin du Paléozoïque et du Mésozoïque. Ces domaines ont eu probablement une évolution géologique semblable jusqu'au début du Tertiaire.  相似文献   

Analyse statistique de directions non orientees     

M. Westphal 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1980,119(1):80-86

Résumé On propose un mode de calcul des directions principales d'un ensemble de directions non orientées et des tests de précision. On propose des applications à l'analyse de nuages de pôles et à la recherche d'intersection de cercles de réaimantation.

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Statistical analysis of non-orientated directions. A computing mode of principal directions of a set of non-orientated directions or lineations and statistical tests are presented. An application to the analysis of a set of poles and for finding the intersection of remagnetisation circles is shown.

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Silicon vidicon imaging of jupiter: 4100- to 8300-Å absolute reflectivities and limb darkening of spatially resolved regions     

David J. Diner  James A. Westphal 《Icarus》1977,32(3):299-313

Jupiter was observed in six continuum wavelength channels in the region 4100–8300 Å, using a silicon vidicon imaging photometer. Spectral reflectivities and high spatial resolution limb-darkening curves for several belts and zones have been extracted from the data. Simple model fits to the data yield information regarding spectral and spatial variations in single-scattering albedos and shape of particle single-scattering phase functions. Belts appear to be more backscattering than zones, particularly in the blue. The data are in moderate agreement with limb-darkening predicted by models derived from the center-to-limb variation in equivalent width of the H₂ 4-0 S(1) quadrupole line (Cochran, 1976) in the South Tropical Zone, but strongly disagree with the results of such models for the North Equatorial Belt.  相似文献   

The vertical cloud structure of Jupiter from 5 μm measurements     

Richard J. Terrile  James A. Westphal 《Icarus》1977,30(2):274-281

From 5 μm high-spatial-resolution images of Jupiter, flux-frequency histograms of the equatorial region show a trimodal distribution of brightness temperatures. Combined with limbdarkening measurements, a three-layer cloud model for Jupiter is developed. The highest, coldest clouds, apparently homogeneous and displaying relatively little limb darkening, cover the zones. These clouds are not present over the belts, allowing observational access to deeper regions. The belts appear heterogeneous: small, localized hot areas show enhanced limb darkening, while much of the belt is distinctly cooler and exhibits shallower limb darkening. These belt properties can be explained by a cool emitting layer superposed upon a hot, dense cloud deck.  相似文献   

Flow patterns in the Siberian traps deduced from magnetic fabric studies   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

J.-P. Callot  E. Gurevitch  M. Westphal  J.-P. Pozzi 《Geophysical Journal International》2004,156(3):426-430

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